ABSTRACT
Background: Hypoglossal Nerve [HGN] is known to be a pure motor [General somatic efferent] cranial nerve
Objective: To confirm the existence, localization and morphology of the neurons contributing sympathetic fibers to the Hypoglossal nerve [HGN]. Material and Methods: This experimental animal study, was conducted in Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from 1992 to 1995. Under general anesthesia the required hypoglossal nerves of twenty four albino rats were exposed and cut in the neck. Horseradish Peroxidase [HRP] crystals were applied to the central cut ends of the nerves and allowed to travel for about 48 hours. After transcardial fixation with 1.25% gluteraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde solution, serial sections of superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia of both sides were made on a freezing microtome, treated with Tetramethylbenzidine [TMB] and counterstained by 1% neutral red. Labeled neurons were observed with the help of light microscope
Results: In all animals, the HRP labeled neurons contributing sympathetic fibers to the right and left hypoglossal nerves and their branches were located in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglia only. Neurons were oval and rounded in shape, and randomly distributed in the ganglia. Average soma diameter of the neurons ranged between 6 to 38 microns
Conclusion: Hypoglossal nerve also contains sympathetic fibers which are contributed by ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion cells
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find out the occurrence and frequency of variant anastomotic vessels at varying levels in Pakistani cadavers. Design: Twenty well preserved and freshly embalmed cadavers were dissected for the present study
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted during year 1995 - 1997 in the department of Anatomy, K.E. Medical College, Lahore
Methods: After cutting the ribs, anastomotic vessels between intercostal arteries were dissected free with the help of magnifying glass. The diameter of each arcade like anastomotic vessel was noted with the help of vernier caliper
Results: Arch like communications were found between neibouring inter- costal arteries V - VIII in ten and between intercostal arteries IV - X in six cadavers. In four cadavers, no anastomosis was found between intercostal arteries. The arch like anastomoses were found lying on the surface of the vertebral bodies on the right side and away from aorta on the left side
Conclusion: The results are comparable with the studies conducted previously with the exception of absence of such anastomotic vessels in four cadavers in the present study. It may be due to racial variation. So the arcades are the rule rather than variant is strengthened and confirmed
ABSTRACT
The adrenals are closely applied to the upper pole of each kidney. In mammals, the adrenal gland contains two functionally different types of endocrine tissues i.e. cortex and medulla, which have distinctly different embryological origin
Objective: to observe the age related changes in the rat adrenal gland of the albino rat during postnatal period
Setting: ablino rats used were obtained from Animal House of BMSI, JPMC, Karachi. Thirty litter mates of 2,4,6,8 and 10 days of age [postnatal] were used by dividing into five groups. Right adrenal were dissected free, fixed and then stained with 1% toluidine blue solution to study under light Microscope
Results and conclusion: the adrenals which were developed at birth, now organized more on 10th day of postnatal life. In all the cortical zones, predominance of dark cells over light cells was observed. The intracellular lipid content increased significantly during 1st week of postnatal life